“Personalization” refers to the practice of creating or modifying products, services, or experiences to meet the specific needs or preferences of individual consumers. This concept, which dates back to ancient times, saw a decline during the era of industrialization and mass media[3], only to bounce back with the emergence of digital technology[4]. Today, personalization is a key trend in various mediums, including print, mobile phones, promotional merchandise[1], and online platforms, with companies leveraging data and technology to offer tailored experiences. This includes the use of audience demographics, psychographics, behavioural data, and other data standards. Personalization plays a pivotal role in power dynamics, as it can be used to gain economic, political, and social influence[2]. It also has significant social implications, such as the creation of “filter bubbles”. Despite its complexity, the ultimate goal of personalization is to deliver offerings that align with individual tastes and habits, thereby enhancing customer[5] satisfaction and loyalty[6].
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Personalization (broadly known as customization) consists of tailoring a service or product to accommodate specific individuals. It is sometimes tied to groups or segments of individuals. Personalization involves collecting data on individuals, including web browsing history, web cookies, and location. Various organizations use personalization (along with the opposite mechanism of popularization) to improve customer satisfaction, digital sales conversion, marketing results, branding, and improved website metrics as well as for advertising. Personalization acts as a key element in social media and recommender systems. Personalization influences every sector of society— be it work, leisure, or citizenship.