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Vertical integration is a business strategy where a company takes control of its supply chain^[1]. This means that a company owns different stages of production, from the raw materials to the final product, and sometimes even the ventes^[2] process. This strategy is used to increase efficiency, secure supplies, and control markets. There are three types – backward, forward, and balanced integration. While there are benefits such as lower costs and increased profits, there are also challenges including high initial investment and potential conflicts of interest. Examples of successful vertical integration include companies like Apple, Amazon, and Tesla. This strategy can lead to increased market power and can disrupt traditional business models.

Définitions des termes

1. ↑ supply chain. The main entity in this text is the Supply Chain. It is an essential process in business that entails the movement and conversion of raw materials into final products that reach consumers. This process involves multiple stages, including sourcing materials from suppliers, manufacturing products, distributing them through various channels, and selling them to customers. Managing this process efficiently, known as Supply Chain Management, is critical for businesses to save costs, improve customer satisfaction, and respond swiftly to market changes. It is also becoming increasingly important to consider social responsibility and security regulations in supply chain management. The supply chain process is subject to different types and models, and its performance and resilience are key factors for success. Technology adoption, sustainability, e-commerce, and data analytics are emerging trends in supply chains, while global uncertainties, balance between efficiency and responsiveness, transparency, cybersecurity, and skills gap pose significant challenges.

2. ↑ ventes. La vente est un aspect essentiel des opérations commerciales qui concerne la vente de biens ou de services à un coût défini. Ce processus implique un transfert de propriété et un accord sur le prix. Dans les pays de common law, les ventes sont généralement réglementées par des codes commerciaux. Les personnes impliquées dans l'exécution des ventes sont appelées vendeurs et jouent un rôle spécialisé dans le processus de vente. La vente est généralement considérée comme l'étape finale du marketing, la mise en œuvre du plan. Elle nécessite de la persuasion et des efforts pour attirer des ressources dans une entreprise. Les ventes sont considérées comme un résultat d'un système plus large au sein d'une organisation, les processus de vente et de marketing se fournissant mutuellement des intrants et des extrants. Ce processus est souvent intégré dans la structure commerciale plus large des grandes entreprises, avec de multiples équipes qui se concentrent sur la réalisation de bénéfices et la réussite.

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Glossaire

Intégration verticale (Wikipedia)

Au microeconomics, management et international political economy, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different produit or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It contrasts with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items that are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers).

Vertical integration can be desirable because it secures supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product, but it can become undesirable when a firm's actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem. A monopoly produced through vertical integration is called a vertical monopoly: vertical in a supply chain measures a firm's distance from the final consumers; for example, a firm that sells directly to the consumers has a vertical position of 0, a firm that supplies to this firm has a vertical position of 1, and so on.

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